checklist-tester/pub/proposal/proposal.tex

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\author{Anthony Berg}
\title{Testing Quick Reference Handbooks in Simulators}

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    pdfinfo = {
        Title = Testing Quick Reference Handbooks in Simulators Project Presentation
        Author = Anthony Berg
        Subject = Dissertation Project Presentation
    }
}

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% 4 PAGE LIMIT %
% Context
\section{Context}
\subsection{Introduction}
\subsubsection*{Context}
%\begin{itemize}
%    \item Designing Emergency Checklists is difficult
%    \item Procedures in checklists must be tested in simulators~\cite{nasa-design},
%      which usually means trained pilots test it, as the tests need
%      to work consistently~\cite{manifesto} (making sure it's not lengthy,
%      concise and gets critical procedures)
%      	\lfcomment{Testing for what? What's the baseline? I guess you will need some kind of evidence/argument that demonstrates that with and without the checklist results are markedly different. }
%    \item Checklists are usually carried out in high
%        workload environments, especially emergency ones
%\end{itemize}

Designing aviation checklists is difficult and requires time 
to test them in simulators and the real world.~\cite{nasa-design}
The simulators require trained pilots to test them to make 
sure that they work consistently~\cite{manifesto}, which tests 
that the procedures in the checklist are concise, achieves the goal
of the critical procedure, and will not take too long to complete.
These checklists are also carried out in high workload environments,
and this workload is elevated if an emergency were to occur.

\subsubsection*{Problem}
%\begin{itemize}
%  \item Testing procedures in checklists are often neglected~\cite{nasa-design}
%    \item There are some checklists that may not be fit
%        for certain scenarios - e.g. ditching (water landing)
%        checklist for US Airways Flight 1549 assumed at least one engine
%        was running~\cite{AWE1549}, but in this scenario, there were none
%         \lfcomment{What check lists and what scenarios?}
%    \item Some checklists may make pilots \enquote{stuck}
%      - not widely implemented, could be fixed with \enquote{opt out} points.
%      e.g. US Airways 1549, plane below 3000ft, could have skip to
%      later in the checklist to something like turn on APU, otherwise plane
%      will have limited control~\cite{AWE1549}.
%    	\lfcomment{Yes, or might make them ignore the checklist. What criteria does that?}
%    \item Checklists may take too long to carry out - Swissair 111
%    	\lfcomment{Yes. See Checklist manifesto test}
%\end{itemize}

Testing procedures in checklists is often neglected by designers.~\cite{nasa-design}
This is shown as there are certain checklists that are not fit for 
certain scenarios. An example of this is the checklist for ditching (water landing)
which would have been applicable to use on US Airways Flight 1549. This checklist 
assumed that at least one engine was running~\cite{AWE1549}, but this flight lost 
both of their engines, and if this checklist was used, it could have ended in 
an incident that could have resulted in people losing their lives.
If occurrences like happened more frequently, this could result in 
pilots losing their trust in checklists, which could result in pilots 
not using them, when they are designed to aid in situations where
they missing a critical step could be detrimental to the safety of 
everyone onboard the aircraft.~\cite{manifesto}

\subsubsection*{Rationale}
%\begin{itemize}
%    \item Test checklists in a simulated environment 
%      to find flaws in checklist for things like
%      \begin{itemize}
%        \item Can be done in an amount of time that will not endanger aircraft
%        \item Provides reproducible results
%        \item Procedures will not endanger aircraft or crew further (Crew referring to Checklist Manifesto with the cargo door blowout)
%      \end{itemize}
%      \lfcomment{Again, explain testing against what}
%    \item Results in being able to see where to improve checklists
%\end{itemize}

Therefore, to aid designers in testing checklists, this project 
will create a tester for checklists to find flaws in checklists 
by using simulators without the need of trained crew. This will 
test that the procedures in the checklist can be done in a reasonable
amount of time that will not endanger the aircraft and that the procedures 
will have reproducible results for the given goal of the checklist.
With this, the results can be used to show areas of improvement in 
the checklist.

\lfcomment{On CL book, Ch1 is about nature of where CL work best; Ch2 explains what a CL is and isn't; Ch3 you can ignore, it talks about checklist for unknown/unexpected scenarios (advanced CL) in building; Ch4 he discussed CL with chefs; Ch5 talks about CL failures and why; \textbf{Ch6 is about Boeing's CL ``factory''}; Ch7 and 8 are about applying the CL he came up with, here you get the examples of test/baseline criteria for CL; Ch9 he explains it in his own practice (this is daunting read)!.}
\subsection{Key Background Sources}
\begin{xltabular}{\linewidth}{p{8em} X}
    \toprule
    Resource & Info \\
    \midrule \endfirsthead
    
    \toprule
    \multicolumn{2}{l}{Key Background Sources (continued)} \\
    Resource & Info \\
    \midrule \endhead

    \midrule
    \multicolumn{2}{r}{Continued\dots} \\
    \bottomrule \endfoot


    \bottomrule \endlastfoot

    \multirow{2}{*}{\parbox{8em}{US Airways 1549 NTSB Investigation~\cite{AWE1549}}}
    & \textbf{Description:} An investigation on an aircraft that
        suffered from a dual engine failure from a bird strike
        forcing the pilots to land on the Hudson River. \\
    & \textbf{Reason:} The investigation found that the QRH was too
        lengthy and the pilots' used their experience to prioritize
        essential actions outside the QRH to keep the aircraft in control. \\

    \multirow{2}{*}{\parbox{8em}{Design Guidance for Emergency and Abnormal Checklists in Aviation~\cite{nasa-checklist}}}
    & \textbf{Description:} Provides the challenges and
      requirements for designing aviation checklists.
      It also talks about the problems that are in 
      checklist designing. \\
    & \textbf{Reason:} This will guide for certain aspects to
      look out for whilst testing checklists, such as if
      certain actions require waiting, or if it could be
      completed in a different order. \\

    \multirow{2}{*}{\parbox{8em}{Designing Flightdeck Procedures~\cite{nasa-design}}}
    & \textbf{Description:} Guidance on the process of developing checklists,
      which includes steps to focus on and how to make a well designed
      checklist.\\
    & \textbf{Reason:} This report includes steps on testing checklists
      which is the focus of this project and will provide guidance 
      on how the tests should be carried out. \\

    \multirow{2}{*}{\parbox{8em}{The Checklist Manifesto~\cite{manifesto}}}
    & \textbf{Description:} Insight into the steps of implementing
    a checklist in medicine whilst learning about how checklists are
    designed and used in industries such as aviation and construction. \\
    & \textbf{Reason:} Checklist designer from Boeing is interviewed
    where they go through the vital design choices to make them effective
    and how they gain pilots' trust to use checklists. \\
\end{xltabular}

% Aim (or hypothesis) and Objectives
\section{Aims and Objectives}
\subsection*{Aims}
%\begin{enumerate}
%    \item Test Checklists for flaws that can compromise the
%      aircraft or that the checklist will not take too long
%      and overload pilot further
%    \item Test multiple conditions for that checklist
%    \item Find problems in the checklist
%    \item Find how reproducible the checklist is
%\end{enumerate}
%
%\lfcomment{See above about "testing" what?}

To test checklists for flaws that could compromise the aircraft 
and to make sure that the checklist can be completed in a reasonable 
amount of time for multiple different conditions (such as the weather or pilot's reaction times)
that could affect the amount of time the pilots will have to complete the checklist.
As a result, this will also test the reproducibility of the checklist's goal.

\subsection*{Objectives}
\begin{enumerate}
  \item Research current checklists that may be problematic that 
    could be tested
  \item Research how pilots act within certain situations for 
    the checklists to be tested
  \item Implement a formal model that runs through checklists,
    with the research gathered, to produce an accurate test
    \begin{enumerate}
      \item Understand the relative states of the aircraft that 
        need to be captured
      \item Ensure the consistency of the checklist procedures 
        are tested
    \end{enumerate}
  \item Implement a manager for the checklist testing logic to 
    provide information about how the test results
  \item Connect the formal model to a flight simulator allowing
    for a more accurate representation of the aircraft systems
    and flight conditions
\end{enumerate}

% Planning
\section{Planning}
\subsection{Diagrammatic Work Plan}

% Make title format for gantt chart into week commencing
\ganttset{%
  calendar week text={%
    \startday/\startmonth%
  }%
}

\begin{ganttchart}[
  hgrid,
  vgrid={*{6}{draw=none}, dotted},
  x unit=1.3mm,
  y unit chart=5mm,
  time slot format=isodate,
  % bar formatting
  bar label node/.append style={align=right},
  % milestone formatting
  milestone label node/.append style={align=right},
  % group styling
  group label node/.append style={align=right},
  % vrule styling
  vrule/.append style={red},
  vrule offset=.2,
  vrule label node/.append style={align=center},
  % Font sizing
  title label font=\ssmall,
  bar label font=\ssmall,
  group label font=\bfseries\ssmall,
  milestone label font=\ssmall,
  today label font=\ssmall,
  vrule label font=\ssmall,
]{2024-02-26}{2024-05-12}
  \gantttitlecalendar{year, week} \\
 
  % VDM
  \ganttgroup{VDM Modelling}{2024-02-26}{2024-04-28} \ganttnewline
  \ganttbar{%
    Create Checklist\ganttalignnewline
    Functionality%
  }{2024-02-26}{2024-03-03} \ganttnewline
  \ganttlinkedbar{%
    Capture\ganttalignnewline
    Aircraft State%
  }{2024-03-04}{2024-03-10} \ganttnewline
  \ganttlinkedmilestone{Useable Model}{2024-03-10} \ganttnewline
  \ganttbar{%
    Simulate\ganttalignnewline
    Pilot Actions%
  }{2024-04-15}{2024-04-21} \ganttnewline
  \ganttlinkedbar{%
    Flight\ganttalignnewline
    Conditions%
  }{2024-04-22}{2024-04-28} \ganttnewline
  %\ganttlinkedmilestone{Finish Model}{2024-03-24} \ganttnewline

  % Frontend
  \ganttgroup{Manager}{2024-03-11}{2024-03-24} \ganttnewline
  \ganttbar{%
    Create\ganttalignnewline
    Frontend%
  }{2024-03-11}{2024-03-17}\ganttnewline
  \ganttlinkedbar{Link VDM}{2024-03-18}{2024-03-24} \ganttnewline
  \ganttlinkedmilestone{%
    Complete\ganttalignnewline
    Interactive VDM%
  }{2024-03-24} \ganttnewline
  \ganttlink{elem3}{elem7}
  
  % Simulator Connector
  \ganttgroup{%
    Simulator\ganttalignnewline
    Connector%
  }{2024-03-25}{2024-04-14} \ganttnewline 
  \ganttbar{%
    Learn\ganttalignnewline
    Simulator SDK%
  }{2024-03-25}{2024-03-31} \ganttnewline
  \ganttlinkedbar{Connect Logic}{2024-04-01}{2024-04-14} \ganttnewline
  \ganttlinkedmilestone{Functional Tester}{2024-04-14} \ganttnewline
  \ganttlink{elem9}{elem11}
  \ganttlink{elem13}{elem4}

  % Coursework
  \ganttgroup{Coursework}{2024-03-11}{2024-05-01} \ganttnewline

  \ganttbar{Create Video}{2024-03-11}{2024-03-20} \ganttnewline

  \ganttbar{Create Poster}{2024-04-15}{2024-04-21} \ganttnewline

  \ganttbar{Documentation}{2024-04-01}{2024-05-01}

  % Deadlines
  \ganttvrule[
    vrule label node/.append style={anchor=north east}
  ]{%
    Presentation\ganttalignnewline 
    Deadline %
  }{2024-03-22}
  \ganttvrule[
    vrule label node/.append style={anchor=north west}
  ]{%
    Poster\ganttalignnewline %
    Deadline%
  }{2024-04-24}
  \ganttvrule{%
    Dissertation\ganttalignnewline %
    Deadline%
  }{2024-05-08}
  % Holidays
  \ganttvrule[
    vrule/.append style={thin, blue},
    vrule label node/.append style={anchor=north west}
  ]{%
    Easter\ganttalignnewline
    Holidays%
  }{2024-03-25}
  \ganttvrule[
    vrule/.append style={thin, blue},
    vrule label node/.append style={anchor=north east}
  ]{%
    End of\ganttalignnewline
    Holidays%
  }{2024-04-22}
\end{ganttchart}

\subsection{Brief Explanation}
\begin{itemize}
  \item Pretty much put how long each part of objectives should take.
  \item The deadlines for the Presentation, Poster, Dissertation
    will be done at the same time as the programming
  \item The work during the Easter Holidays is there with  
    the expectation of taking a bit of a break, but to not
    lose momentum once the holidays are over.
  \item All the items on the gantt chart are more so the worst
    case scenario for how long each item will take
  \item The last part of VDM modelling is just in case I run out
    of time, and they aren't the most important
\end{itemize}

\subsection{Risks}
\begin{itemize}
\item Time management - that's why the last part of modelling is
  done after the simulator connector as it's not essential,
  can be done manually
\item Simulator not being good enough?
\item Simulator could be too complex to be able to link with model.
\end{itemize}

% END OF 4 PAGE LIMIT %
\clearpage

% Ethics
\section{Ethics}
\subsection{Ethics Checklist}
% Copied from "../../doc/proposal/Specification.pdf"
% Should be left unchanged, unless dealing with formatting
My project:
\begin{enumerate}
    \item Will \textit{not} involve working with \textbf{animals} or
        users/staff/premises of the \textbf{NHS}
    \item Will be carried out \textbf{within the UK or European
        Economic Area}
    \item Will \textit{not} have any impact on the \textbf{environment}
    \item Will \textit{not} work with populations who do \textit{not}
        have \textbf{capacity to consent}
    \item Will \textit{not} involve work with \textbf{human tissues}
    \item Will \textit{not} involve work with \textbf{vulnerable groups}
        (Children/Learning disabled/Mental health issues, etc.)
    \item Will \textit{not} involve any \textit{potentially}
        \textbf{sensitive topics} (Examples include but are not
        exclusive to body image; relationships; protected
        characteristics; sexual behaviours; substance use;
        political views; distressing images, etc.)
    \item Will \textit{not} involve the collection of any identifiable
        personal data
\end{enumerate}

\subsection{Ethical Considerations}
This project will involve referencing previous aviation
accidents which had deaths involved, however, I will make
sure to be respectful towards everyone involved in
those accidents.

This project will also not involve the use of any users,
so no data collection considerations will need to be taken
into account for.
\clearpage


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