diff --git a/pub/dissertation/chapters/background.tex b/pub/dissertation/chapters/background.tex index f28b54f..7ab49ba 100644 --- a/pub/dissertation/chapters/background.tex +++ b/pub/dissertation/chapters/background.tex @@ -24,15 +24,32 @@ % - Safety procedures being added % - Rates of accidents \begin{itemize} - \item 70-80\% of aviation accidents are attributed to human factors~\cite{faa-reasons} + \item 70-80\% of aviation accidents are attributed to human factors~\cite{faa:reasons} \end{itemize} \subsection{Checklists} \begin{itemize} \item Checklists have been shown to aid in minimizing human errors~\cite{manifesto} - \item However, checklists can be misleading and compromise the safety of the aircraft - due to them being either too confusing or taking too long to complete~\cite{nasa-design} + + + \item However, according to the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA), the UK's aviation regulator: + \begin{itemize} + \item Checklists can be misleading and compromise the safety of the aircraft + due to them being either too confusing or taking too long to complete~\cite{nasa:design} + \item Other problems may include the crew skipping a step either unintentionally or by interruption, + or just failing to complete the checklist outright + \item The crew may also not be alerted to performance issues within the aircraft, + that running the checklist may cause~\cite{caa:design} + \end{itemize} + \item That is why testing checklists are important to avoid these situations + + \item However, it is important to note that checklists does not prevent the human + factor of failure to use a checklist, like in the case of Northwest Airlines + Flight 255, where the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), an investigatory board + for aviation accidents in the United States, determined that + \enquote{the probable cause of the accident was the flight crew's failure + to use the taxi checklist to ensure that the flaps and slats were extended for takeoff.}~\cite{ntsb:NWA255} \end{itemize} diff --git a/pub/dissertation/chapters/introduction.tex b/pub/dissertation/chapters/introduction.tex index 569220f..bba0b46 100644 --- a/pub/dissertation/chapters/introduction.tex +++ b/pub/dissertation/chapters/introduction.tex @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ \section{Scene} \begin{itemize} \item Designing Emergency Checklists is difficult - \item Procedures in checklists must be tested in simulators~\cite{nasa-design}, + \item Procedures in checklists must be tested in simulators~\cite{nasa:design}, which usually means trained pilots test it, as the tests need to work consistently~\cite{manifesto} (making sure it's not lengthy, concise and gets critical procedures) @@ -14,16 +14,16 @@ \section{Motivation} \begin{itemize} - \item Testing procedures in checklists are often neglected~\cite{nasa-design} + \item Testing procedures in checklists are often neglected~\cite{nasa:design} \item There are some checklists that may not be fit for certain scenarios - e.g. ditching (water landing) checklist for US Airways Flight 1549 assumed at least one engine - was running~\cite{AWE1549}, but in this scenario, there were none + was running~\cite{ntsb:AWE1549}, but in this scenario, there were none \item Some checklists may make pilots \enquote{stuck} - not widely implemented, could be fixed with \enquote{opt out} points. e.g. US Airways 1549, plane below 3000ft, could have skip to later in the checklist to something like turn on APU, otherwise plane - will have limited control~\cite{AWE1549}. + will have limited control~\cite{ntsb:AWE1549}. \item Checklists may take too long to carry out - Swissair 111 \end{itemize} diff --git a/pub/dissertation/dissertation.pdf b/pub/dissertation/dissertation.pdf index 3684105..3c6dfce 100644 Binary files a/pub/dissertation/dissertation.pdf and b/pub/dissertation/dissertation.pdf differ diff --git a/pub/dissertation/dissertation.sum b/pub/dissertation/dissertation.sum index c000845..8f9d0a4 100644 --- a/pub/dissertation/dissertation.sum +++ b/pub/dissertation/dissertation.sum @@ -1 +1 @@ -4624 +4751 diff --git a/pub/dissertation/references.bib b/pub/dissertation/references.bib index b5a80bf..abd5379 100644 --- a/pub/dissertation/references.bib +++ b/pub/dissertation/references.bib @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -@report{AWE1549, +@report{ntsb:AWE1549, author = {{National Tranportation Safety Board}}, shortauthor = {NTSB}, number = {PB2010-910403}, @@ -6,13 +6,23 @@ and Subsequent Ditching on the Hudson River}, type = {Technical Report}, institution = {}, - date = {2010}, + year = {2010}, month = {5}, day = {3}, url = {https://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/Pages/DCA09MA026.aspx}, } -@article{nasa-checklist, +@report{ntsb:NWA255, + author = {{National Tranportation Safety Board}}, + shortauthor = {NTSB}, + number = {PB88-910406}, + title = {Aircraft Accident Report Northwest Airlines, Inc\. McDonnell Douglas DC-9-82, N312RC, Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport Romulus, Michigan}, + year = {1987}, + month = {08}, + url = {https://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/AccidentReports/Reports/AAR8805.pdf}, +} + +@article{nasa:checklist, author = {Burian, Barbara}, year = {2006}, month = {10}, @@ -24,7 +34,7 @@ doi = {10.1177/154193120605000123}, } -@book{nasa-design, +@book{nasa:design, year = {2016}, month = {11}, title = {Designing Flightdeck Procedures}, @@ -66,16 +76,26 @@ }, } -@manual{caa-emergency, +@manual{caa:emergency, author = {Civil Aviation Authority}, title = {Aircraft Emergencies: Considerations for air traffic controllers}, - number = {CAP745}, + number = {CAP 745}, year = {2005}, month = {3}, url = {https://www.caa.co.uk/cap745}, } -@techreport{faa-reasons, +@manual{caa:design, + author = {Civil Aviation Authority}, + title = {Guidance on the Design, Presentation and Use +of Emergency and Abnormal Checklists}, + number = {CAP 676}, + year = {2006}, + month = {08}, + url = {https://www.caa.co.uk/cap745}, +} + +@techreport{faa:reasons, author = {Knecht, William R. and Lenz, Michael}, title = {Causes of General Aviation Weather-Related, Non-Fatal Incidents: Analysis Using NASA Aviation Safety Reporting System Data},