diff --git a/content/Definitions/Complex Analysis/Complex Conjugation.md b/content/Definitions/Complex Analysis/Complex Conjugation.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..0f05a396 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/Definitions/Complex Analysis/Complex Conjugation.md @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +# Definition +Let $z = x + iy$. Then its **complex conjugate** is +$$\bar{z} := x-iy.$$ +# Properties +The following hold: +1. $\mid z \mid^2 = z \bar{z}$, +2. $z + \bar{z} = 2 \mathrm{Re} z$, +3. $z - \bar{z} = 2i \mathrm{Im} z$, +4. $\overline{r e^{i \phi}} = r e^{-i \phi}$. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/Definitions/Complex Analysis/Complex Exponential Function.md b/content/Definitions/Complex Analysis/Complex Exponential Function.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..9651c918 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/Definitions/Complex Analysis/Complex Exponential Function.md @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +To be defined later... \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/Definitions/Complex Analysis/Complex Numbers.md b/content/Definitions/Complex Analysis/Complex Numbers.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..06be1692 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/Definitions/Complex Analysis/Complex Numbers.md @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +# Definition +$\mathbb{C}$ is obtained from $\mathbb{R}$ by adjoining the imaginary unit $i$ such that $i^2 = -1$. + +In particular, a complex number is of the form +$$z = x+iy$$ +with $x$, $y$ being real, we write +$$\mathrm{Re} z = x, \; \mathrm{Im} z = y.$$ +# Absolute Value +Let $z = x+iy$. Its **absolute value** (or [[Norm|norm]]) is defined by +$$\mid z \mid \sqrt{ x^2 + y^2 }.$$ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/Definitions/Sets/Complex Numbers.md b/content/Definitions/Sets/Complex Numbers in Sets.md similarity index 100% rename from content/Definitions/Sets/Complex Numbers.md rename to content/Definitions/Sets/Complex Numbers in Sets.md diff --git a/content/Excalidraw/Lecture 18/Drawing 2025-03-20 10.50.15.excalidraw.dark.png b/content/Excalidraw/Lecture 18/Drawing 2025-03-20 10.50.15.excalidraw.dark.png new file mode 100644 index 00000000..3d416fad Binary files /dev/null and b/content/Excalidraw/Lecture 18/Drawing 2025-03-20 10.50.15.excalidraw.dark.png differ diff --git a/content/Excalidraw/Lecture 18/Drawing 2025-03-20 10.50.15.excalidraw.dark.svg b/content/Excalidraw/Lecture 18/Drawing 2025-03-20 10.50.15.excalidraw.dark.svg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..6cf48acf --- /dev/null +++ b/content/Excalidraw/Lecture 18/Drawing 2025-03-20 10.50.15.excalidraw.dark.svg @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Im zRe zyxz = x + iy \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/Excalidraw/Lecture 18/Drawing 2025-03-20 10.50.15.excalidraw.light.png b/content/Excalidraw/Lecture 18/Drawing 2025-03-20 10.50.15.excalidraw.light.png new file mode 100644 index 00000000..24018fde Binary files /dev/null and b/content/Excalidraw/Lecture 18/Drawing 2025-03-20 10.50.15.excalidraw.light.png differ diff --git a/content/Excalidraw/Lecture 18/Drawing 2025-03-20 10.50.15.excalidraw.light.svg b/content/Excalidraw/Lecture 18/Drawing 2025-03-20 10.50.15.excalidraw.light.svg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..77de4d38 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/Excalidraw/Lecture 18/Drawing 2025-03-20 10.50.15.excalidraw.light.svg @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Im zRe zyxz = x + iy \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/Lectures/Lecture 18 - Complex Analysis.md b/content/Lectures/Lecture 18 - Complex Analysis.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d004a6b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/Lectures/Lecture 18 - Complex Analysis.md @@ -0,0 +1,66 @@ +--- +lecture: 18 +date: 2025-03-20 +--- +# Overview of Complex Analysis of the Course +- Will do **analysis** using complex numbers. +- **Concrete Goal:** compute integrals such as $\int_{-\infty}^{+\infty} \frac{e^{i \omega t}}{t^2 + a^2} \, dt = \frac{\pi}{a}e^{-a\mid \omega \mid}$ ($a \gt 0$) using complex techniques. +# Complex Numbers +The definition of a [[Complex Numbers]] as defined in the lecture. + +All algebraic properties follow from the definition. For instance +$$(x_{1}+iy_{1})(x_{2}+iy_{2}) = (x_{1}x_{2} -y_{1}y_{2}) + i(x_{1}y_{2} + y_{1}x_{2}).$$ +This operation is **commutative**, that is $z_{1}z_{2} = z_{2}z_{1}$. +## Proposition +Let $z = x+iy$, and it should be non-zero. Then there exists another complex number $z^{-1} \in \mathbb{C}$ such that $zz^{-1} = 1$. It is given by +$$z^{-1} = \frac{x-iy}{x^2 + y^2}$$ +### Proof +We compute +$$(x + iy)(x-iy) = x^2 + y^2.$$ +This is non-zero. Then +$$zz^{-1} = (x+iy) \frac{x-iy}{x^2 + y^2} = 1$$ +> [!info] Remark +> This means that $\mathbb{C}$ is a **field** like $\mathbb{R}$. + +## Definition - Absolute Value +Let $z = x+iy$. Its **absolute value** (or [[Norm|norm]]) is defined by +$$\mid z \mid \sqrt{ x^2 + y^2 }.$$ +An **argument** for $z$ is a real number $\phi \in \mathbb{R}$ such that +$$x = \mid z \mid \cos \phi, \; y = \mid z \mid \sin \phi.$$ +This allows us to identify complex numbers with points in the plane $\mathbb{R}^2$: + +![[Drawing 2025-03-20 10.50.15.excalidraw.dark.svg]] +%%[[Drawing 2025-03-20 10.50.15.excalidraw.md|🖋 Edit in Excalidraw]], and the [[Drawing 2025-03-20 10.50.15.excalidraw.light.svg|light exported image]]%% +(note that angles are only defined up to multiples of $2\pi$). + +You could multiply pairs in $\mathbb{R}^2$ by +$$(x_{1},y_{1}) \times (x_{2}, y_{2}) = (x_{1}x_{2}, y_{1}y_{2}).$$ +But this **does not** correspond to the multiplication of complex numbers. +# Polar Form +- Using the previous definitions, we can write any $z \in \mathbb{C}$ as: +$$z = x + iy = \mid z \mid (\cos \phi + i \sin \phi).$$ +## Definition +We introduce the following notations: +$$r := \mid z \mid,$$ +$$e^{i\phi} := \cos \phi + i \sin \phi.$$ +Then we have that $z = r e^{i\phi}$, which we call the **polar form** of $z$. +> [!info] Remark +> For now, $e^{i\phi}$ is just a symbol. Later we will identify it with the [[Complex Exponential Function]] + +We have that $e^{i\phi}$ shares many properties with $e^{x}$. +## Proposition +Let $\phi, \; \theta \in \mathbb{R}$. Then: +1. $e^{i \phi} e^{i \theta} = e^{i (\phi + \theta)}$, +2. $e^{i 0} = 1$, +3. $\frac{1}{e^{i \phi}} = e^{-i \phi}$, +4. $e^{i(\phi + 2 \pi k)} = e^{i \phi}$, for $k \in \mathbb{Z}$, +5. $\mid e^{i \phi} = 1$, +6. $\frac{d e^{i \phi}}{d \phi} = i e^{i \phi}$. +### Proof (only for 3.) +According to a previous result, we have: +$$(\cos \phi + i \sin \phi)^{-1} = \frac{\cos \phi - i \sin \phi}{\overbrace{(\cos \phi)^2 + (\sin \phi)^2}^{=1}}$$ +$$= \cos \phi - i \sin \phi$$ +$$= e^{- i \phi},$$ +using $\cos(-\phi) = \cos \phi$ and $\sin(-\phi) = -\sin \phi$. +# Complex Conjugation +Definition [[Complex Conjugation]] as defined in the lecture. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/Lectures/Lecture 4 - 1.2 Metric Spaces.md b/content/Lectures/Lecture 4 - 1.2 Metric Spaces.md index 5c59a435..bc1b9acc 100644 --- a/content/Lectures/Lecture 4 - 1.2 Metric Spaces.md +++ b/content/Lectures/Lecture 4 - 1.2 Metric Spaces.md @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ date: 2025-01-16 # The Inverse Image The Inverse Image uses a [[Inverse Function]] $f^{-1} (z)$ of $Z \subset Y$ written $f: x \to y$ is $f^{-1}(z) \equiv \{ x \in X \mid f(x) \in Z \}$. # Complex Numbers -In [[Complex Numbers]], $\mathbb{C} = \mathbb{R} \times \mathbb{R}$ with usual addition of vectors +In [[Complex Numbers in Sets]], $\mathbb{C} = \mathbb{R} \times \mathbb{R}$ with usual addition of vectors ## Multiplying Vectors Multiply vectors by adding their angles multiplying their lengths. diff --git a/content/index.md b/content/index.md index f11168eb..96ea4749 100644 --- a/content/index.md +++ b/content/index.md @@ -25,3 +25,5 @@ title: ACIT4330 Lecture Notes - [[Lecture 15]] - [[Lecture 16]] - [[Lecture 17 - Lp Spaces]] +# Complex Analysis +- [[Lecture 18 - Complex Analysis]] \ No newline at end of file